Open Borders Definition, Pros and Cons

Open borders policies allow people to move freely between countries or political jurisdictions with no restrictions. A country’s borders may be opened because its government either has no border control laws or lacks the resources it needs to enforce immigration control laws. The term â€Å"open borders† does not apply to the flow of goods and services or to the boundaries between privately owned properties. Within most countries, borders between political subdivisions like cities and states are typically open. Key Takeaways: Open Borders The term â€Å"open borders† refers to government policies allowing immigrants to enter the country with little or no restriction.Borders may be open due to the absence of border control laws or the lack of resources needed to enforce such laws.Open borders are the opposite of closed borders, which bar the entry of foreign nationals except under extraordinary circumstances. Open Borders Definition In its strictest sense, the term â€Å"open borders† implies that people may travel to and from a country without presenting a passport, visa, or another form of legal documentation. It does not, however, imply that new immigrants will automatically be granted citizenship. In addition to fully open borders, there are other types of international borders classified according to their â€Å"degrees of openness† depending on the existence and enforcement of border control laws. Understanding these types of borders is critical to understanding the political debate over open borders policies. Conditionally Open Borders Conditionally open borders allow people who meet a legally established set of conditions to freely enter the country. These conditions represent exemptions to existing border control laws that would otherwise apply. For example, the United States Refugee Act grants the President of the United States the authority to permit a limited number of foreign nationals to enter and remain in the U.S. if they can prove a â€Å"credible and reasonable fear† of racial or political persecution in their home nations. Internationally, the United State along with 144 other nations have agreed to adhere to the 1951 Refugee Convention, which allows people to cross their borders to escape life-threatening situations in their homelands. Controlled Borders Countries with controlled border place restrictions—sometimes significant—on immigration. Today, the United States, along with a majority of developed nations have controlled borders. Controlled borders typically require persons crossing them to present a visa or may allow for short term visa-free visits. Controlled borders may impose internal checks to ensure that people who have entered the country are complying with their conditions of entry and have not overstayed their visas, continuing to reside in the country illegally as undocumented immigrants. In addition, physical passage across controlled borders is usually restricted to a limited number of â€Å"points of entry,† such as bridges and airports where conditions for entry can be enforced. Closed Borders Closed borders completely prohibit the entry of foreign nationals under all but exceptional circumstances. The infamous Berlin Wall that separated the people of East and West Berlin, Germany during the Cold War was an example of a closed border. Today, the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea remains one of the few closed borders. Quota Controlled Borders Both conditionally open and controlled borders may impose quota entry restrictions based on the entrant’s country of origin, health, occupation and skills, family status, financial resources, and criminal record. The United States, for example, applies an annual per-country immigration limit, also taking into consideration â€Å"preferential† criteria such as the immigrant’s skills, employment potential, and relationship to current U.S. citizens or legal permanent U.S. residents. Main Advantages of Open Borders Reduces the Cost of Government: Controlling borders creates a financial drain on governments. For example, the United States spent $18.9 billion on border security in 2017, a figure estimated to increase to $23.1 billion in 2019. In addition, during 2018, the U.S. government spent $3.0 billion—$8.43 million per day—to detain illegal immigrants. Stimulates the Economy: Throughout history, immigration has helped fuel the economies of nations. Often driven by poverty and lack of opportunity, immigrants are often eager to do much-needed work that citizens of their new countries are unwilling to do. Once employed, they contribute to the local economy and society. In a phenomenon dubbed the â€Å"immigration surplus,† immigrants in the workforce increase the nation’s level of human capital, inevitably increasing production and raising its annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For example, immigrants increase the GDP of the United States by an estimated $36 to $72 billion per year. Creates Greater Cultural Diversity: Societies have consistently benefited from ethnic diversity resulting from immigration. The new ideas, skills, and cultural practices brought by new immigrants allow society to grow and thrive. Open borders advocates argue that diversity fuels an environment in which people live and work, thus contributing to greater creativity. Main Disadvantages of Open Borders Creates Security Threats: Open borders enable terrorism and crime. According to data from the U.S. Department of Justice, undocumented immigrants made up 26% total population of federal prisoners in 2018. In addition, U.S. border control officers seized nearly 4.5 million pounds of illegal narcotics at border crossings and ports of entry in 2018. Drains the Economy: Immigrants increase the economy only if the taxes they pay exceeds the costs they create. This happens only if a majority of immigrants are well-educated and attain higher income levels. Historically, however, many immigrants represent a less-educated, lower-income demographic, thus creating a net drain of the economy. Countries With Open Borders While no countries currently have borders that are completely open for worldwide travel and immigration, several countries are members of multi-national conventions that allow free travel between member nations. For example, most nations of the European Union, allow people to travel freely—without visas— between countries which have signed the Schengen Agreement of 1985. This essentially makes most of Europe a single â€Å"country† as it applies to internal travel. However, all European countries continue to require visas for travelers coming from countries outside the region. New Zealand and nearby Australia share â€Å"open† borders in the sense that they allow their citizens to travel, live and work in either country with few restrictions. In addition, several other nation-pairs, such as India and Nepal, Russia and Belarus, and Ireland and the United Kingdom share similarly â€Å"open† borders. Sources Kammer, Jerry. The Hart-Celler Immigration Act of 1965. Center for Immigration Studies (2015).Nagle, Angela. The Left Case Against Open Borders. American Affairs (2018).Bowman, Sam. Immigration Restrictions Made Us Poorer. Adam Smith Institute (2011).. American Immigration Council How the United States Immigration System Works(2016).Orrenius, Pia. Benefits of Immigration Outweigh the Costs. George W. Bush Institute (2016).. U.S. Alien Incarceration Report Fiscal Year 2018, Quarter 1Department of Justice.

Synthesis, Spectral And Biological Activities Of Pyridine...

SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PYRIDINE 2,6 DICARBOXALIC ACID HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVES AND ITS METAL COMPLEXES Vijay Kumar Tiwari1, Dr. S. N. Dikshit2 and Dr. Anupa Kumari Dubey3 *1Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA Email: vijayt009@gmail.com *2 Professor, Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA *3 Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA ABSTRACT The new series of two new hydrazone derivatives and their vanadium complexes have been synthesized bearing the formula M[DPDH](BF4)2 and M[DCDH](BF4)2, where M=V, DPDTPH= (2,6-diacetylpyridine-N,N’-Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid dihydrazone) and DCDTPH = (2,6- pyridine diacarbonyl di chloride- N-N’-Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid dihydrazone) and (BF4)=Tetrafluoroborate. The ligand and complexes have been analyzed for elemental analysis, spectral studies, and conductivity measurements. Different techniques like FT-IR, electronic data were used to investigate the structural features of the synthesized compounds. Electronic absorption and IR spectra indicate octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activity of ligand and hydrazone derivatives and their vanadium complexes against bacteria and fungi shows the complexes have been found to be manifold active biologically than the ligand. Key Words: Hydrazone derivatives, FT-IR, Spectral and antimicrobial Studies. INTRODUCTION

American Slavery Essay Example For Students

American Slavery Essay The purpose of this report was for me to research and explore the connection between African American women and music.Since prior to the slave decades, music has been an integral part of African American society, and served as a form of social, economic, and emotional support in African American communities in the past and present.This paper will cover three different types of secular music that emerged during the slave days, through the civil war, reconstruction, and depression periods.They are blues, jazz, and gospel music.Each of these forms of music are still in existence today.In addition to exploring the history of each of these genres of music, this report will identify three African American female music legends, Bessie Smith, Emma Barrett, and Mahalia Jackson. There would be a mass of former slaves in America who did not have the skills needed to survive. Many of them may have had to resort to stealing in order to feed themselves. It would also be very inconvenient for the slave holders who depended so greatly upon their slave work force. To eliminate such a work force would devastate many Americans, mostly Southerners, who relied heavily on slave-labor. In numerous letters, Washington stresses his desire to see Legislative authority enact a plan that would slowly and gradually free the slaves. In a letter to Robert Morris on April 12, 1786, Washington writes, I can only say that there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of slaveryby Legislative authority (Fitzpatrick v.28, p.408). He also writes on September 9, 1786, to John Mercer that, I never meanto possess another slave by purchase; it being my first wishes to see some plan adopted, by

Of Scouting and Life Changes free essay sample

Four years ago, if you see someone shy, quiet, alone in a corner, and quite the introvert, that’ll be me. Now, if you see someone outgoing and friendly, that’ll be the same person. It was a drastic change of personality which happened only in six days. Four years ago, I joined the Scouting Movement. I didn’t know why the heck I did, but I can say it was the best decision I’ve made in my seventeen years’ worth of existence. I entered a six-day summer training and a three-day summer camp. And in those nine days, I grasped something much more important than anything I’ve learned from school. There were about eighty of us who underwent the same summer experience. That summer was no joke – it wasn’t a simple social workshop. It was grueling, and literally a torture. We were working twenty-four hours straight – from school, learning military drills and finishing obstacle courses, but with the occasional fun of physically exhausting games; back to our own rooms, making utility racks from bamboos, and memorizing signaling codes and histories. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Scouting and Life Changes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of us arrive at school at six in the morning and come back home by ten in the evening. Every day of training was a guarantee of a full-body fatigue. But that level of difficulty experienced by several people together creates friendship unimaginably strong for people who’ve just met in six days. After that summer, the lonely introvert finally belonged to a group that already treated him like a friend, and more as a brother. The bonds that were created during that summer brought so much impact on my life not simply because of the many friends I’ve met, but more of the change that I went through after meeting all of them. Just this summer, I’ve attended the Global Young Leaders Conference held in Washington, D.C. and New York City. It was a meeting of so many talented young leaders from six continents of the world. Just imagine if I had attended such a conference during the time when I wouldn’t talk to people. That particular experience would have been a waste. I could say I learned a lot during that conference, but I would have not learned anything at all if I had never overcome my introversion. And that, I owe to the Scouting Movement. I have represented the school in a few leadership conferences such as the aforementioned, and also the Eighth National Congress spearheaded by the Private Secondary School Administrators Association of the Philippines – all which I would have never gone to if not for Scouting, and all which taught me so many things about leadership, but none comparable to what Scouting has taught me. And as time goes by so amazingly fast, after four years from that significant time of my life, from being that shy kid who didn’t talk to anyone, to becoming the boy who everyone treated as his/her little brother, and to the scout leader who attended prestigious leadership summits, I am wrapping up my high school career serving a much bigger purpose than I would have ever anticipated way back then. I am now serving the Scouting Movement as its president.

Strong Emotions free essay sample

Crossing the finish line in first place, I’m happy†¦until the moment my eyes look up at the clock. It wasn’t enough. My time was just shy of that seventh varsity spot on the Cross Country team. My family comes to congratulate me and I force a smile. They remind me that I’d done my best that day†¦if only my time had been a little bit faster. Next time, I know to focus only on my individual goals and running for my team. Math tests are back today and I have to do well. This can’t be like the last one where I only got a 94%. With that score, I didn’t make it up onto the board where my teacher shows the highest grades. He’s walking towards my pod, handing back tests. He drops my test faced down on my desk. I slowly inch my way towards it until my finger touches the edge. We will write a custom essay sample on Strong Emotions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I quickly turn it over. My score is written in black letters and circled on the top: a 98. I’m happy. I studied hard, I went in for help, and I completed all the homework. My hard work finally paid off. My teacher turns on the SMARTboard and I skim the top scores, searching for my name. One percentage point. That’s all it would’ve taken to get my name on the board. I go back to my test, and look at the questions I got wrong. Next time, I will check over my answers thoroughly to be sure I don’t make any silly mistakes. Having strong emotions is a positive characteristic. I have come to realize that my emotions show how passionate I am. Knowing I’m capable of improvement and wanting it to be noticed, I strive to do better. During the last few years my desire to do well, both in school and athletics, has matured. In chasing perfection, it was difficult for me to accept anything less than perfect. When I did well, I looked to others who obtained higher grades. After being fixated on the fact that nothing was ever good enough, I gradually realized my best is good enough.

Biography of John Sutter, Landowner During Gold Rush

Biography of John Sutter, Landowner During Gold Rush John Sutter (born Johann August Suter; February 23, 1803–June 18, 1880) was a Swiss immigrant in California whose sawmill was the launching spot for the California Gold Rush. Sutter was a prosperous pioneer and land baron when one of his sawmill workers found a nugget of gold at the mill, on January 24, 1848. Despite the rush for gold and fortune that ensued on his land, Sutter himself was driven into poverty. Fast Facts: John Sutter Known For:  Sutter was a settler and founder of California and his mill was the launching spot for the California Gold Rush.Also Known As:  John Augustus Sutter, Johann August SuterBorn:  February 23, 1803 in Kandern, Baden, GermanyDied:  June 18, 1880 in Washington, D.C.Education: Possibly a Swiss military academySpouse: Annette DuboldChildren: 5Notable Quote: After having proved the metal with aqua fortis, which I found in my apothecary shop, likewise with other experiments, and read the long article â€Å"gold† in the Encyclopedia Americana, I declared this to be gold of the finest quality, of at least 23 carats. Early Life Johann August Suter was a Swiss citizen born on February 23, 1803, in Kandern, Baden, Germany. He went to school in Switzerland and possibly served in the Swiss Army. He married Annette Dubold in 1826 and had five children. Leaving Switzerland In early 1834, with his shop failing in Burgdorf, Switzerland, Suter abandoned his family and set off for America. He arrived in New York City and changed his name to John Sutter. Sutter claimed a military background, saying he had been a captain in the Royal Swiss Guard of the French king. This claim has not been proven by historians, but as â€Å"Captain John Sutter,† he soon joined a caravan headed for Missouri. Traveling West In 1835, Sutter was moving farther westward, in a wagon train headed for Santa Fe, New Mexico. For the next few years, he engaged in several businesses, herding horses back to Missouri and then guiding travelers out to the West. Always close to being bankrupt, he heard about opportunity and land in remote regions of the West and joined an expedition to the Cascade Mountains. Sutters Peculiar Route to California Sutter loved the adventure of travel, which took him to Vancouver. He wanted to reach California, which would have been difficult to do overland, so he first sailed to Hawaii. He hoped to catch a ship in Honolulu bound for San Francisco. In Hawaii, his plans unraveled. There were no ships bound for San Francisco. But, trading on his purported military credentials, he was able to raise funds for a California expedition which, oddly, went by way of Alaska. In June 1839, he took a ship from a fur trading settlement at what is today Sitka, Alaska to San Francisco, finally arriving on July 1, 1839. Sutter Talked His Way Into Opportunity At that time, California was part of Mexican territory. Sutter approached Governor Juan Alvarado and impressed him enough to obtain a land grant. Sutter was given the opportunity to find a suitable location where he could begin a settlement. If the settlement was successful, Sutter could eventually apply for Mexican citizenship. What  Sutter had talked himself into was not a guaranteed success. The central valley of California at that time was inhabited by Native American tribes who were very hostile to white settlers. Other colonies in the area had already failed. Fort Sutter Sutter set out with a band of settlers in late 1839. Finding a favorable spot where the American and Sacramento Rivers came together, on the site of present-day Sacramento, Sutter began building a fort. Sutter dubbed the little colony Nueva Helvetia (or New Switzerland). Over the following decade, this settlement absorbed various trappers, immigrants, and wanderers who were also seeking fortune or adventure in California. Sutter Became a Casualty of Good Fortune Sutter built up a huge estate and by the mid-1840s, the former shopkeeper from Switzerland was known as â€Å"General Sutter.† He was involved in various political intrigues, including disputes with another power player in early California, John C.  Frà ©mont. Sutter emerged unscathed from these troubles and his fortune seemed assured. Yet the discovery of gold on his property by one of his workers on January 24, 1848, led to his downfall. Discovery of Gold Sutter attempted to keep the discovery of gold on his land secret. But when word leaked out,  the workers in  Sutters settlement deserted him to search for gold in the hills. Before long, word had spread worldwide of the gold discovery in California. Crowds of gold seekers came streaming into  California and squatters encroached on Sutters lands, destroying his crops, herds, and settlements. By 1852, Sutter  was bankrupt. Death Sutter eventually returned East, living in a Moravian colony in Lititz, Pennsylvania. He traveled to Washington, D.C. to petition Congress for reimbursement for his losses. While his relief bill was bottled up in the Senate, Sutter died in a Washington hotel on June 18, 1880. Legacy The New York Times published a lengthy obituary of Sutter two days after his death. The newspaper noted that Sutter had risen from poverty to being the wealthiest man in the Pacific coast. And despite his eventual slide back into poverty, the obituary noted that he remained courtly and dignified. An article about Sutters burial in Pennsylvania noted that  John C.  Frà ©mont  was one of his pallbearers, and he spoke of their friendship back in California decades earlier. Sutter is known as one of the founders of California, whose Fort Sutter was the site of present-day Sacramento, California. His rise from poverty to wealth and his descent back to poverty is marked by a profound irony. The gold strike that created so many fortunes was a curse for the man on whose land it began and led to his ultimate ruin. Sources Discovery of Gold, by John A. Sutter - 1848.Hurtado, Albert, L. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier,  University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.

In Depth Audience Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In Depth Audience Analysis - Essay Example It has a membership of around one thousand and one hundred active members. The analysis will involve all the persons who are interested and deal with Greater Jackson Partnership Chamber and these include members themselves and people in the Jackson Community. The study will look into the demographics, sociographics and psychographics of the Jackson Community who form the audience for the messages from Greater Jackson Partnership Chamber (Greater Jackson Partnership Chambers, 2014). The Greater Jackson Partnership Chambers is a community oriented organization that fosters trade and business among its members in Downtown Jackson. Over half of the audience here are white with slightly less than half being African Americans. The rest of the groups are Native Americans, Pacific Islanders and Asians. Jackson’s cosmopolitan population works to grow the town and though the partnership they are able to get the necessary connections for business. Most of the population that is in business is in the age bracket of between twenty years to fifty one years. The messages that appeal to this age group include those that are business oriented. The larger population consists of Christian faith a evidenced by the presence of numerous episcopal churches and bible colleges. The population is also highly educated as evidenced by the large number of learning institutions. Some of these institutions include Jackson State University and Mississippi College. There are also public district schools which offer different systems of education. The high levels of literacy have favoured the existence of local media which as a very influential role in both Jackson District and the entire state. Jackson is also home to several industries which provide employment to its population. These industries help in boosting business and economic growth. Some of the industries have created partnerships with Greater Jackson Partnership Chamber to create business opportunities for its