Open Borders Definition, Pros and Cons

Open borders policies allow people to move freely between countries or political jurisdictions with no restrictions. A country’s borders may be opened because its government either has no border control laws or lacks the resources it needs to enforce immigration control laws. The term â€Å"open borders† does not apply to the flow of goods and services or to the boundaries between privately owned properties. Within most countries, borders between political subdivisions like cities and states are typically open. Key Takeaways: Open Borders The term â€Å"open borders† refers to government policies allowing immigrants to enter the country with little or no restriction.Borders may be open due to the absence of border control laws or the lack of resources needed to enforce such laws.Open borders are the opposite of closed borders, which bar the entry of foreign nationals except under extraordinary circumstances. Open Borders Definition In its strictest sense, the term â€Å"open borders† implies that people may travel to and from a country without presenting a passport, visa, or another form of legal documentation. It does not, however, imply that new immigrants will automatically be granted citizenship. In addition to fully open borders, there are other types of international borders classified according to their â€Å"degrees of openness† depending on the existence and enforcement of border control laws. Understanding these types of borders is critical to understanding the political debate over open borders policies. Conditionally Open Borders Conditionally open borders allow people who meet a legally established set of conditions to freely enter the country. These conditions represent exemptions to existing border control laws that would otherwise apply. For example, the United States Refugee Act grants the President of the United States the authority to permit a limited number of foreign nationals to enter and remain in the U.S. if they can prove a â€Å"credible and reasonable fear† of racial or political persecution in their home nations. Internationally, the United State along with 144 other nations have agreed to adhere to the 1951 Refugee Convention, which allows people to cross their borders to escape life-threatening situations in their homelands. Controlled Borders Countries with controlled border place restrictions—sometimes significant—on immigration. Today, the United States, along with a majority of developed nations have controlled borders. Controlled borders typically require persons crossing them to present a visa or may allow for short term visa-free visits. Controlled borders may impose internal checks to ensure that people who have entered the country are complying with their conditions of entry and have not overstayed their visas, continuing to reside in the country illegally as undocumented immigrants. In addition, physical passage across controlled borders is usually restricted to a limited number of â€Å"points of entry,† such as bridges and airports where conditions for entry can be enforced. Closed Borders Closed borders completely prohibit the entry of foreign nationals under all but exceptional circumstances. The infamous Berlin Wall that separated the people of East and West Berlin, Germany during the Cold War was an example of a closed border. Today, the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea remains one of the few closed borders. Quota Controlled Borders Both conditionally open and controlled borders may impose quota entry restrictions based on the entrant’s country of origin, health, occupation and skills, family status, financial resources, and criminal record. The United States, for example, applies an annual per-country immigration limit, also taking into consideration â€Å"preferential† criteria such as the immigrant’s skills, employment potential, and relationship to current U.S. citizens or legal permanent U.S. residents. Main Advantages of Open Borders Reduces the Cost of Government: Controlling borders creates a financial drain on governments. For example, the United States spent $18.9 billion on border security in 2017, a figure estimated to increase to $23.1 billion in 2019. In addition, during 2018, the U.S. government spent $3.0 billion—$8.43 million per day—to detain illegal immigrants. Stimulates the Economy: Throughout history, immigration has helped fuel the economies of nations. Often driven by poverty and lack of opportunity, immigrants are often eager to do much-needed work that citizens of their new countries are unwilling to do. Once employed, they contribute to the local economy and society. In a phenomenon dubbed the â€Å"immigration surplus,† immigrants in the workforce increase the nation’s level of human capital, inevitably increasing production and raising its annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For example, immigrants increase the GDP of the United States by an estimated $36 to $72 billion per year. Creates Greater Cultural Diversity: Societies have consistently benefited from ethnic diversity resulting from immigration. The new ideas, skills, and cultural practices brought by new immigrants allow society to grow and thrive. Open borders advocates argue that diversity fuels an environment in which people live and work, thus contributing to greater creativity. Main Disadvantages of Open Borders Creates Security Threats: Open borders enable terrorism and crime. According to data from the U.S. Department of Justice, undocumented immigrants made up 26% total population of federal prisoners in 2018. In addition, U.S. border control officers seized nearly 4.5 million pounds of illegal narcotics at border crossings and ports of entry in 2018. Drains the Economy: Immigrants increase the economy only if the taxes they pay exceeds the costs they create. This happens only if a majority of immigrants are well-educated and attain higher income levels. Historically, however, many immigrants represent a less-educated, lower-income demographic, thus creating a net drain of the economy. Countries With Open Borders While no countries currently have borders that are completely open for worldwide travel and immigration, several countries are members of multi-national conventions that allow free travel between member nations. For example, most nations of the European Union, allow people to travel freely—without visas— between countries which have signed the Schengen Agreement of 1985. This essentially makes most of Europe a single â€Å"country† as it applies to internal travel. However, all European countries continue to require visas for travelers coming from countries outside the region. New Zealand and nearby Australia share â€Å"open† borders in the sense that they allow their citizens to travel, live and work in either country with few restrictions. In addition, several other nation-pairs, such as India and Nepal, Russia and Belarus, and Ireland and the United Kingdom share similarly â€Å"open† borders. Sources Kammer, Jerry. The Hart-Celler Immigration Act of 1965. Center for Immigration Studies (2015).Nagle, Angela. The Left Case Against Open Borders. American Affairs (2018).Bowman, Sam. Immigration Restrictions Made Us Poorer. Adam Smith Institute (2011).. American Immigration Council How the United States Immigration System Works(2016).Orrenius, Pia. Benefits of Immigration Outweigh the Costs. George W. Bush Institute (2016).. U.S. Alien Incarceration Report Fiscal Year 2018, Quarter 1Department of Justice.

Synthesis, Spectral And Biological Activities Of Pyridine...

SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PYRIDINE 2,6 DICARBOXALIC ACID HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVES AND ITS METAL COMPLEXES Vijay Kumar Tiwari1, Dr. S. N. Dikshit2 and Dr. Anupa Kumari Dubey3 *1Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA Email: vijayt009@gmail.com *2 Professor, Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA *3 Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA ABSTRACT The new series of two new hydrazone derivatives and their vanadium complexes have been synthesized bearing the formula M[DPDH](BF4)2 and M[DCDH](BF4)2, where M=V, DPDTPH= (2,6-diacetylpyridine-N,N’-Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid dihydrazone) and DCDTPH = (2,6- pyridine diacarbonyl di chloride- N-N’-Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid dihydrazone) and (BF4)=Tetrafluoroborate. The ligand and complexes have been analyzed for elemental analysis, spectral studies, and conductivity measurements. Different techniques like FT-IR, electronic data were used to investigate the structural features of the synthesized compounds. Electronic absorption and IR spectra indicate octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activity of ligand and hydrazone derivatives and their vanadium complexes against bacteria and fungi shows the complexes have been found to be manifold active biologically than the ligand. Key Words: Hydrazone derivatives, FT-IR, Spectral and antimicrobial Studies. INTRODUCTION

American Slavery Essay Example For Students

American Slavery Essay The purpose of this report was for me to research and explore the connection between African American women and music.Since prior to the slave decades, music has been an integral part of African American society, and served as a form of social, economic, and emotional support in African American communities in the past and present.This paper will cover three different types of secular music that emerged during the slave days, through the civil war, reconstruction, and depression periods.They are blues, jazz, and gospel music.Each of these forms of music are still in existence today.In addition to exploring the history of each of these genres of music, this report will identify three African American female music legends, Bessie Smith, Emma Barrett, and Mahalia Jackson. There would be a mass of former slaves in America who did not have the skills needed to survive. Many of them may have had to resort to stealing in order to feed themselves. It would also be very inconvenient for the slave holders who depended so greatly upon their slave work force. To eliminate such a work force would devastate many Americans, mostly Southerners, who relied heavily on slave-labor. In numerous letters, Washington stresses his desire to see Legislative authority enact a plan that would slowly and gradually free the slaves. In a letter to Robert Morris on April 12, 1786, Washington writes, I can only say that there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of slaveryby Legislative authority (Fitzpatrick v.28, p.408). He also writes on September 9, 1786, to John Mercer that, I never meanto possess another slave by purchase; it being my first wishes to see some plan adopted, by

Of Scouting and Life Changes free essay sample

Four years ago, if you see someone shy, quiet, alone in a corner, and quite the introvert, that’ll be me. Now, if you see someone outgoing and friendly, that’ll be the same person. It was a drastic change of personality which happened only in six days. Four years ago, I joined the Scouting Movement. I didn’t know why the heck I did, but I can say it was the best decision I’ve made in my seventeen years’ worth of existence. I entered a six-day summer training and a three-day summer camp. And in those nine days, I grasped something much more important than anything I’ve learned from school. There were about eighty of us who underwent the same summer experience. That summer was no joke – it wasn’t a simple social workshop. It was grueling, and literally a torture. We were working twenty-four hours straight – from school, learning military drills and finishing obstacle courses, but with the occasional fun of physically exhausting games; back to our own rooms, making utility racks from bamboos, and memorizing signaling codes and histories. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Scouting and Life Changes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of us arrive at school at six in the morning and come back home by ten in the evening. Every day of training was a guarantee of a full-body fatigue. But that level of difficulty experienced by several people together creates friendship unimaginably strong for people who’ve just met in six days. After that summer, the lonely introvert finally belonged to a group that already treated him like a friend, and more as a brother. The bonds that were created during that summer brought so much impact on my life not simply because of the many friends I’ve met, but more of the change that I went through after meeting all of them. Just this summer, I’ve attended the Global Young Leaders Conference held in Washington, D.C. and New York City. It was a meeting of so many talented young leaders from six continents of the world. Just imagine if I had attended such a conference during the time when I wouldn’t talk to people. That particular experience would have been a waste. I could say I learned a lot during that conference, but I would have not learned anything at all if I had never overcome my introversion. And that, I owe to the Scouting Movement. I have represented the school in a few leadership conferences such as the aforementioned, and also the Eighth National Congress spearheaded by the Private Secondary School Administrators Association of the Philippines – all which I would have never gone to if not for Scouting, and all which taught me so many things about leadership, but none comparable to what Scouting has taught me. And as time goes by so amazingly fast, after four years from that significant time of my life, from being that shy kid who didn’t talk to anyone, to becoming the boy who everyone treated as his/her little brother, and to the scout leader who attended prestigious leadership summits, I am wrapping up my high school career serving a much bigger purpose than I would have ever anticipated way back then. I am now serving the Scouting Movement as its president.